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Category: Veterinary Science

  • I Watched Pet Fooled So You Don’t Have To: Part Two

    I Watched Pet Fooled So You Don’t Have To: Part Two

    As someone who advocates for veterinary science and nutrition based on thorough research, I found myself drawn to the documentary “Pet Fooled,” which sets its sights on problems with the pet food industry and aims to promote the benefits of raw feeding.

    Given the recent resurgence of interest in the documentary, particularly due to the (now thoroughly debunked) “Purina Panic,”1 I decided to approach it with an open mind.

    What I found may be of interest to you, especially if feeding your pet a healthy diet is important to you.

    This is a multi-part series, if you haven’t read part ONE yet, go here!

    In part two below, I’m digging into the pet industry as it relates to marketing, FDA regulations, AAFCO, manufacturing practices, and by-products. As always, I’m citing my sources and striving to bring you ethical, honest, and truthful information.

    Note: This is a multi-part series! Additional articles in this series will be posted below.

    Part One: “Biologically appropriate” feeding, bacteria & pathogens in raw food, and the influence of “big kibble” on veterinary schools (See Part One HERE)

    Part Two: Pet food marketing, ingredients in pet food (including corn and by-products), manufacturing, AAFCO, and FDA regulations (See Part Two HERE)

    Part Three: Pet food recalls, veterinary diets, and holistic pet food elitism (See Part Three HERE)

    pet fooled documentary

    Pet Fooled Documentary and Pet Food Marketing

    20 minutes into the film I found something I agreed with the producers on. If Pet Fooled had exclusively covered this topic and left the raw vs. kibble debate out of the equation, they would have had my vote.

    Pet food marketing often utilizes visually appealing packaging and persuasive messaging to attract consumers and convey the idea that their product is the best choice for pets.

    The colorful imagery of fresh meats, vibrant vegetables, and wholesome ingredients creates an impression of healthfulness and quality.

    Additionally, marketing tactics such as claims of using “super-premium” or “all-natural” ingredients, endorsements by veterinarians or “pet nutritionists”, and labels indicating specific health benefits further reinforce the perception that these products are superior.

    However, behind the eye-catching packaging and persuasive slogans, the actual nutritional content and quality of these pet foods may vary significantly.

    This problem is not isolated to kibble brands. Fresh and raw pet food companies do it, too.

    Pet Fooled raised an important concern about how marketing tactics can often confuse consumers and manipulate our emotions.

    However as they had done before, they then did a swan dive into the deep end.

    A montage of labels, slogans, and ingredients was presented as a means to tap into viewers’ emotions with the implication that all of those things are bad.

    It doesn’t matter how much research we have out there showing us that some of those perceived ‘bad’ ingredients are beneficial, there is no middle ground on Pet Fooled.

    Recall Dr. Karen Becker’s assertion in part one, where she contends that anything aside from a raw meat diet constitutes “nutritional abuse.”

    Like all things in pet nutrition, this answer is not that black and white.

    Pet Food Ingredients

    “Pet Fooled” emphasizes the importance of reading ingredient lists on pet food labels as a means of evaluating the quality and nutritional value of the product.

    However, they oversimplify the issue by implying that the presence of certain ingredients automatically makes certain pet foods inferior or harmful.

    In reality, the nutritional adequacy and safety of pet food depend on various factors beyond just the ingredients list, such as the formulation, sourcing, processing methods, and overall nutrient balance.

    Without proper guidance from qualified professionals, solely relying on ingredient lists to choose pet food can be problematic and may result in suboptimal nutrition or even nutritional deficiencies for pets.

    Without expanding so much as to bloat this article up with too much information, here are some veterinary nutritionist articles regarding commonly vilified ingredients such as corn and by-products.

    Tufts “Stalk About Corn, It’s Nutritious!”2

    Tufts “Don’t Be Bothered By By-Products” 3

    Veterinary Nutritionists (who are infinitely more qualified to discuss pet nutrition than a holistic wildlife veterinarian), prioritize the final nutrient profile and bioavailability over specific ingredients.

    Ultimately, the effectiveness of pet food hinges on its ability to deliver results, a complexity that far surpasses the debate between corn and organic farm-raised lentils.

    Here is an informational video, from a veterinarian, regarding corn in pet food:

    @erdvm

    Replying to @misiu Corn gets a lot of ire in pet food, often mislabeled as a “filler” or something with “no nutritional value.” We know that’s not true by the nutrient profile alone. Whole corn is typically not used in kibble, so saying “my pet defecates corn” is a silly argument. If you ate pistachios in the shell vs once shelled it’s a different beast all together. Corn gluten helps to acidify the urine, which is great in our cats with crystals. Corn oil has linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid – meaning dogs and cats cannot synthesize it themselves and it MUST be added to food. Corn oil is one way to do this. Sources: Dr Avi Deshmukh, nutrient profile for corn

    ♬ original sound – Emergency Veterinarian

    High Temperature Kibble Extrusion, Cancer & Pet Health

    “Pet Fooled” raises concerns about the high-temperature processing methods used in the manufacturing of pet food.

    The theory linking high-temperature kibble extrusion to cancer and negative impacts on pet health is largely unfounded. While some critics suggest that the heat processing methods used in kibble manufacturing could potentially create harmful compounds or degrade the nutritional value of ingredients, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited.

    The extrusion process is carefully controlled and monitored by pet food manufacturers to ensure that it meets strict quality and safety standards.

    As pet owners become increasingly concerned about the processing methods used in traditional extruded kibbles, the popularity of ‘baked’ dog foods has surged as a perceived solution. However, it’s important to recognize that the baking process doesn’t necessarily eliminate concerns about high temperatures. Some ‘baked’ kibbles may be exposed to temperatures of 300-500 degrees Fahrenheit during production.

    Purina uses a low-temperature extrusion process. Most extruders operate at between 180-300 degrees Fahrenheit.

    When you bake muffins in your home oven, they are subjected to higher temperatures and for longer durations than kibble, which may only be in the extruder for 30-90 seconds.

    Additionally, numerous studies have found no direct causal link between consuming extruded kibble and an increased risk of cancer or other health issues in pets.

    This, naturally, circles us back to the questionable marketing claims propagated by pet food companies, influencers, and pet stores. They all vie to convince us that their product reigns supreme in terms of health, safety, and innovation.

    Yet, without substantiating evidence from rigorous peer-reviewed research and scientific inquiry, should we truly place our trust in those claims?

    Many veterinarians agree that a balanced diet, regardless of its form, is key to maintaining optimal health in pets. Perhaps a well-formulated kibble produced under tried and true quality control protocols and manufacturing processes isn’t so bad, after all.

    It’s essential to evaluate pet nutrition claims critically and rely on evidence-based research when making decisions about pet food choices.

    pexels jozef feher 2774140

    FDA Regulations on Pet Food in Pet Fooled

    When it comes to the safety and quality of our pets’ food, understanding the regulations set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is important.

    Pet Fooled slams the FDA, citing a lack of oversight leading to widespread problems with pet food safety. I’ll dig into this more below, but the narrator implies that all big pet food manufacturing is dirty and corrupt.

    The FDA Pet Food information page is available HERE so you can make an informed and balanced assessment based on the statements made in Pet Fooled.

    Pet Food Ingredient Quality

    The documentary questions the quality of ingredients used in commercial pet foods and highlights instances where low-quality or controversial ingredients are included.

    I’m glad I sat down and watched the documentary as well because the visual aspect of the film is intentionally crafted to provoke concern and emotion about pet food.

    The documentary features footage of decaying carcasses, animals in ditches, roadkill, and maggots, all interwoven with a narrative that suggests these “4D Meat” elements are commonly found in our pets’ food.

    Pet Fooled wants viewers to believe that manufacturers are regularly grinding up rotting dead, diseased, dying, and disabled animals to include in their formulas.

    However, it’s illegal for pet food manufacturers in the United States to use “4D” meat in their products. 4

    Pentobarbital (Euthanasia Drug)5 and Melamine have been the subject of major pet food recalls, there is no disputing this. These incidents originated with the suppliers and went unnoticed by the manufacturers during production. The critical oversights behind these major recalls prompted industry-wide changes.

    However, there is no proof of major corruption or widespread ongoing problems. The FDA specifically prohibits contaminated meat from being used in pet food, and many pet food companies have thrown out bad batches of food and issued recalls in compliance with these regulations.

    Remember, pet food companies cannot make money if they are selling us dirty food that harms our pets.

    To provide additional context, while the FDA maintains a zero-tolerance policy for salmonella in pet food, the regulations differ for ‘human grade’ food, where a certain level of salmonella may be permitted. Pet food is more regulated than human food when it comes to this contamination. 6

    Last week I finished an article called “Are There Euthanized Animals in Pet Food” that may be of interest. While the concept of shelter pets and decayed horses being trucked to the pet food manufacturing plant is sensational, it’s a myth.

    Why does Pet Fooled persist in propagating that misconception? It all boils down to financial incentives. By steering consumers away from properly formulated and safe kibble brands, they stand to gain market share for their holistic online courses, supplements, and food brands.

    @erdvm

    This is ALWAYS a hot topic when discussing pet food – recalls. Recalls are neither good nor bad, they just are. Obviously you don’t want your own food to be recalled, but brands should do quality control in order to ensure safety. No recalls does not mean a company is perfect – it can be due to a lack of an screening and underdiagnosing issues with said food. What I think is always very telling is when the FDA recommends a recall and the company refuses. This is a huge red flag as both a consumer and a veterinarian.#greenscreen

    ♬ original sound – Emergency Veterinarian

    Transparency in Pet Food Manufacturing

    There are concerns about the lack of transparency in labeling, making it difficult for pet owners to fully understand what they are feeding their pets.

    Pet Fooled is correct about this. I’ve spent hours of my life tracking down nutritional information such as calcium and copper levels or who formulates the food, things that pet owners should have easy access to.

    It’s shocking how many companies simply cannot, or will not provide that information.

    Many others will use slick language to gloss over their responses to WSAVA guidelines7 for manufacturing and formulation processes.

    Don’t even get me started on the use of ingredient splitting to make ingredient lists look more wholesome! 8

    Having investigated well over 400 companies at this point, I can definitively say that it’s the smaller companies who are the least transparent. To give just a few examples, Diamond, Victor, AllProvide, Darwin, and Inukshuck have all been very difficult to get real answers from.

    Meanwhile, Purina, Hill’s, Royal Canin, and some other big players have been open, honest, and quick to respond with verifiable answers.

    A call for transparency requires that ALL pet food manufacturers provide nutrient, sourcing, and manufacturing information on request, to anybody who asks, and without fluffing up their answer to hide the truth. That’s something I can get behind.

    Nutritional Adequacy in Pet Foods

    Pet Fooled also addresses the issue of nutritional adequacy in pet foods, emphasizing the importance of balanced diets for pets’ health and well-being.

    Many raw pet food brands, which are championed by the holistic veterinarians featured in the film, do not test for or publish their nutrient levels. I find this to be quite ironic.

    AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) is not a regulatory agency. Instead, it is an organization that establishes guidelines and standards for pet food and animal feed. While AAFCO develops nutritional profiles, labeling requirements, and ingredient definitions, it does not have regulatory authority to enforce these standards. Regulatory enforcement is typically the responsibility of state departments of agriculture, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), and other governmental agencies.

    The documentary questions the adequacy of AAFCO’s standards in ensuring that pet foods meet the nutritional needs of pets. It suggests that while AAFCO sets minimum standards for pet food ingredients and labeling, these standards may not always reflect the best nutritional practices for pets.

    In some ways, I agree with this. My investigation into Copper Storage Disease (which can be triggered by excess copper in the diet, a common problem with boutique and raw foods)9 is a great example of a situation where the ‘bare minimum’ regulation isn’t enough.

    Additionally, “Pet Fooled” raises concerns about the reliance on feeding trials and laboratory testing to determine nutritional adequacy, suggesting that these methods may not always accurately represent real-life feeding conditions for pets.

    Could feeding trials be better? Possibly! Is that an excuse for pet food companies to not do them at all? Nope.

    greyhound dog watching elderly owner reading book

    Part three is next!

    Note: This is a multi-part series! Additional articles in this series will be posted below.

    Part One: “Biologically appropriate” feeding, bacteria & pathogens in raw food, and the influence of “big kibble” on veterinary schools (See Part One HERE)

    Part Two: Pet food marketing, ingredients in pet food (including corn and by-products), manufacturing, AAFCO, and FDA regulations (See Part Two HERE)

    Part Three: Pet food recalls, veterinary diets, and holistic pet food elitism (See Part Three HERE)

    Footnotes

    1. Is Purina Food Harming Pets? ↩︎
    2. Tufts “Stalk About Corn, It’s Nutritious” ↩︎
    3. Tufts “Don’t Be Bothered By By-Products” ↩︎
    4. FDA Regulations on Pet Food ↩︎
    5. Are There Euthanized Animals and Pentobarbital in Pet Food? ↩︎
    6. Pet Food is More Regulated Than Human Food ↩︎
    7. What Are WSAVA Guidelines? ↩︎
    8. Ingredient Splitting in Pet Food ↩︎
    9. Copper Storage Disease & Copper Levels in Pet Food ↩︎
  • I Watched Pet Fooled So You Don’t Have To: Part One

    I Watched Pet Fooled So You Don’t Have To: Part One

    Pet Fooled is a documentary that gained popularity in 2016 and has resurfaced on social media, drawing renewed attention. Pet parents worldwide are streaming it on platforms like Netflix and YouTube, prompting many to modify their pets’ diets based on the documentary’s content. Having never seen it, I watched Pet Fooled so you don’t have to.

    Why did I do this? Numerous veterinarians and researchers have voiced their opinions on “Pet Fooled,” but the consensus is overwhelmingly negative. They argue that it is misleading and riddled with inaccuracies, leading pet owners down the wrong path when it comes to feeding their pets.

    On the other side of the spectrum, many pet owners, natural pet stores, influencers, and a handful of fringe holistic practitioners praise and endorse the documentary.

    I was curious to understand the reasons behind the hype surrounding Pet Fooled. If you choose to watch it with me, I highly recommend going into it with an open mind AND a healthy dose of skepticism.

    Here is what I learned from watching Pet Fooled.

    Note: This is a multi-part series! Additional articles in this series will be posted below.

    Part One: “Biologically appropriate” feeding, bacteria & pathogens in raw food, and the influence of “big kibble” on veterinary schools (See Part One HERE)

    Part Two: Pet food marketing, ingredients in pet food (including corn and by-products), manufacturing, AAFCO, and FDA regulations (See Part Two HERE)

    Part Three: Pet food recalls, veterinary diets, and holistic pet food elitism (See Part Three HERE)

    pexels blue bird 7210754

    What is the Pet Fooled Documentary?

    “Pet Fooled” is a documentary film released in 2016 that examines the commercial pet food industry and advocates for alternative feeding practices for pets.

    The film raises concerns about the ingredients and nutritional quality of mass-produced pet foods and suggests that they may be harmful to pets’ health.

    “Pet Fooled” includes discussions with holistic veterinarians and pet owners who provide their insights into the pet food industry and its impact on pet health. They advocate for alternative feeding methods for pets, and ask pet owners to “do more research”.

    What Veterinarians are Featured in Pet Fooled?

    1. Dr. Karen Becker:
      • Qualifications: Dr. Becker is a proactive and integrative wellness veterinarian with a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree.
      • Her passion lies primarily in wildlife rehabilitation.
      • Background: She is known for her holistic approach to pet health and has authored several books on pet care and nutrition. In addition, she has courses, a community, and an online shop where pet parents can purchase content, supplements, and food.
      • She is well known for her association with quack Dr. Mercola and controversial journalist Rodney Habib
    2. Dr. Barbara Royal:
      • Qualifications: Dr. Royal is a veterinarian with a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree.
      • Background: She specializes in holistic veterinary medicine and is the founder and owner of The Royal Treatment Veterinary Center in Chicago.
      • Dr. Barbara Royal has authored a book where she shares her holistic approach to pet care, offering insights and advice on nutrition, preventive medicine, and holistic healing for pets.
    3. Dr. Lisa Pierson:
      • Qualifications: Dr. Pierson is a veterinarian who earned her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree.
      • Background: She is a strong advocate for raw feeding and specializes in feline nutrition.
      • Dr. Pierson runs a popular website dedicated to feline nutrition education.

    It’s important to note that all the veterinarians showcased in “Pet Fooled” adhere to the “Holistic” and “Integrative” pet care philosophy, a perspective criticized for its tendency to reject mainstream scientific practices, avoid evidence-based approaches, and represent a minority opinion within the veterinary community.

    All three veterinarians who are interviewed in Pet Fooled also work as influencers, generating income through the sale of items such as food, supplements, online courses, memberships, and books. It’s crucial to recognize this aspect, as their viewpoints may be influenced by their financial interests.

    8

    My Approach to Watching and Debunking Pet Fooled

    As a proponent of science and a staunch advocate for evidence-based veterinary practices, I anticipated watching Pet Fooled might be challenging. I decided that it was important for me to keep an open mind, as many people love this film.

    I leashed up my muscular, athletic little Purina-fed dog, put the documentary on my headphones (podcast style), and started on the trail for an hour-long walk with Dr. Karen Becker in my ear.

    This allowed me to digest the information without frantically scribbling notes. My feet pounded the pavement as I took in every bit of classical music and the words that were fed to me in the documentary.

    Don’t worry, I later sat down to properly watch it, too. The visual aspect of Pet Fooled is part of its message, and I wanted to be prepared for it.

    Pet Fooled presents controversial narratives and makes a lot of questionable claims to support their position that kibble is unsafe, unhealthy, and not nutritious.

    Pet owners who wish to be fully educated about nutrition should continue reading below because I’m going to break this down and cite my sources. Dig in…

    1 2

    Raw Dogging Raw Dog Food

    Author’s Note: This article is not meant to be a kibble vs. raw debate, but I did feel it important to address the claims made in Pet Fooled. As always, talk to your veterinarian and feed what works best for your pet and family.

    In the film, Dr. Karen Becker is seen using bare hands to handle raw pet food from the company “Northwest Naturals” as she prepares meals for several dogs and cats in her home. A similar scene is repeated a few minutes later, when Dr. Barbara Royal is introduced to us while giving her excited, happy dog his dinner.

    It’s long been proven that raw meat, including that used in raw dog food, can contain bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Listeria monocytogenes, which may cause illness in both dogs and humans.

    Dr. Barbara Royal pulls a package of Darwin’s Raw Pet food out of a bag and says to her dog “Do you know why you don’t look 12 years old? Because your parents feed you EXCELLENT food…”

    Once her dog is finished eating its Darwin raw food meal, Dr. Royal gets on the floor and lets her pet lick her face.

    She says “Do I worry about them eating raw food and then licking me? No. I do not. [laughs]. Because the fact is, there aren’t any pathogens in that raw food. Because they’re careful with it.”

    So there it is. The first blatantly misleading and false statement in Pet Fooled.

    The truth is that Darwin’s Natural Pet Products has had a sordid history of recalls due to contamination with pathogens such as Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes (this topic alone requires an entire blog post).

    They have been in trouble with the FDA for refusing to recall contaminated products, too. 1

    The food seen in the film being fed by Dr. Becker, Northwest Naturals, was recalled in 20182 because of Listeria monocytogenes.

    Recalls for bacterial contamination in pet foods are not uncommon. Controlling pathogens requires exceptional quality control, especially for raw brands.

    Dogs can sometimes handle these bacteria without showing symptoms, but they can still shed them in their feces, posing a risk of transmission to humans. 3

    The vast majority of veterinarians express concerns about raw diets due to the potential for contamination, which can have detrimental effects on both pets and their owners. The AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) advises against feeding raw diets precisely because of these risks.4

    Dr. Becker claims that the dog’s acidic stomach is there to neutralize bacteria. However, numerous reports and studies show that dogs fed contaminated food will shed those bacteria in their saliva and stool. Those bacteria are not, in fact, “neutralized” but rather, are alive and well.

    One study found that human stomachs are more acidic than dog stomachs!

    @erdvm

    MISINFO MONDAY : dogs and salmonella -dogs stomachs are acidic, but humans are more acidic. Humans can get salmonella, which tells us the pH of a stomach isn’t the whole picture -bacteria like salmonella have found ways to evade the acidic environment of the stomach, making gastric pH alone irrelevant -asymptomatic dogs can and do shed salmonella, meaning it’s not killed by the stomach -there is no evidence that raw fed dogs have any immunity to this. The case I saw was a raw fed dog and it did not survive. One health tells us we shouldn’t just focus on the pet, but the owner as well. Salmonella is infectious to humans and we should be stewarts of health!

    ♬ original sound – Emergency Veterinarian

    Not even 10 minutes into the film, I already have so many questions. The laissez-faire approach to bacterial contamination, especially coming from veterinarians (who should be very averse to disease and pathogens because they know what it can do to the body) surprised me.

    This doesn’t even touch on the subtle product placement. It could be interpreted as a clear endorsement for those companies, with both veterinarians and the producers likely receiving substantial compensation for featuring them in the film.

    I did try to watch this with an open mind, so I moved on from the misleading nature of those scenes and continued my journey with “Pet Fooled”.

    10

    Biologically Appropriate Diets for Dogs

    In the next section of the Pet Fooled, the topic of “biologically-appropriate” or “species-appropriate” diets is brought up.

    Dr. Karen Becker is a wildlife rehabilitation veterinarian, known for her expertise in treating and caring for injured and orphaned wild animals.

    Wild animals have very different dietary needs from domesticated animals. By its very nature, domestication changes animal’s gut microbiome and how they digest and utilize foods that are available to them.

    Genome studies are showing that domestic dogs have adapted to a diet that includes starches. 5

    In Pet Fooled, Dr. Becker claims that dogs “come from wolves and should eat a raw meat diet“, as if all of our pets were wild animals living in our homes.

    I went digging for the science on this one. Exciting innovations in genome research have brought us a lot of new information about our pets’ ancestors, and researchers have found that domesticated pet dogs need a different diet than wolves. 6

    The idea of a raw all-meat feast loaded with by-products (liver, bone, kidney) inspired by our dog’s wild ancestors seems nice until you consider that pet dogs live their lives indoors and don’t have to hunt and fight for their food every day.

    Dr. Becker ultimately states that feeding pets a “non-biologically appropriate diet” (aka, kibble) as a type of “nutritional abuse.“

    The implication that the majority of pet owners worldwide are “abusing their pets” by feeding them kibble is significant. It’s sensational, misleading, and disingenuous.

    She explains that wolves and dogs share 99% of the same DNA. To put this into perspective, humans and chimps share 99% of the same DNA too, but you don’t see many humans consuming raw mice, raw monkeys, roots, bark, soil, and insects.

    Furthermore, it’s worth noting that the majority of raw pet food diets do not include scavenged trash, rodents, beavers, squirrels, insects, or other dogs (wolves will eat their dead). This is important to acknowledge, especially considering the “biologically appropriate” principle often cited by advocates of raw feeding.

    Domestication changes the gut and eating habits. Thanks to science, humans have benefitted from cooking and a sophisticated supply chain that offers us a wider variety of foods than ever before.

    Raw vs. Kibble Nutritional Research

    Dr. Becker suggests that the absence of research proving raw food to be the superior diet is due to “a lack of funding.” This deficiency in research is cited as one of the reasons why veterinarians refrain from recommending raw diets, alongside concerns about bacterial contamination risks.

    She then goes on to mention that kibble companies have “not produced research proving that kibble is nutritious and healthful“, but they have.

    Purina, Hill’s, and Royal Canin have poured millions of dollars into dedicated research not just for nutrition, but veterinary science as well.

    Purina sells one of the only foods on the market (Dog Chow) backed by a lifetime feeding study, and this is just one of thousands of studies done on pets and their nutritional needs.

    Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs – AVMA Publications.7

    One raw pet food company, Instinct, is aiming to address this by putting funds towards researching raw diets. This is a promising move in the right direction, away from speculation and anecdotes, but far from robust.

    10 1

    Do Major Kibble Companies Influence Veterinary Classes?

    Pet Fooled boldly states that big kibble manufacturers have a significant presence in veterinary schools, influencing the curriculum and shaping students’ perceptions of pet nutrition.

    The narrator goes on to mention that there is a lack of education on raw diets in veterinary schools, too. Of course there, is, there isn’t much (if any) legitimate research proving that raw is safe and nutritious.

    Because Pet Fooled only shared one side of this discussion, I’m going to share the other.

    While the extent of industry influence remains a subject of contention, transparency and critical evaluation of educational materials are essential to uphold the integrity of veterinary education.

    Understanding pet nutrition necessitates a foundation in science and research, and with rare exceptions, it is the major kibble manufacturers that are actively engaged in these endeavors.

    Numerous peer-reviewed publications by these companies have contributed a wealth of information, ranging from strategies for treating bladder stones to mitigating the risk of bone growth issues in puppies.

    Isn’t that what we want our up-and-coming veterinarians to be learning about?

    Advocates for raw feeding could occupy a similar platform and impart peer-reviewed research and knowledge to veterinary schools; however, they choose not to.

    Throwing stones at veterinary schools, practicing veterinarians, and major kibble companies without constructive contributions does little to support their argument.

    Here is a great video from a veterinarian about this topic:

    @erdvm

    I was tagged in this video, and as always I’ll hide the face/account. This is a fairly typical string of half truths and full out misinformation. They claim vets get one day of nutrition education, that it’s taught by certain pet food companies, and that we’re all owned by a corporate entity. Nutrition is more than a class – it’s the fifth vital sign. To say that nutrition isn’t a part of EVERY class shows a misunderstanding of both nutrition AND vet school education. A simple search will show most curriculums have a semester of nutrition, and those that don’t supplement it through other classes and clinics. It’s always so interesting that these people claim vets are somehow bought and sold by these companies, yet don’t extend the same blame to their discount codes or owning an actual food store. They directly profit off their misinformation, but vets are seen as the bad guy. I’m sure you’re tired of hearing me debunk these myths but they just don’t go away. They find some new way to spin the tired old lie. Why? They have no science or studies to back up their point of view, so they have to attack veterinarians and discredit us.

    ♬ original sound – Emergency Veterinarian

    Controversial Claims Made in Pet Fooled

    This concludes part one of my series on the Pet Fooled Documentary!

    I’ve summarized the key claims from part one below:

    1. Raw feeding is inherently safer and healthier than feeding kibble: While raw feeding advocates argue that it mimics a more natural diet for pets, there is insufficient scientific evidence to conclusively support the superiority of raw diets over commercial pet foods. Additionally, raw diets can pose risks such as bacterial contamination and nutritional imbalances if not carefully formulated and prepared.
    2. Veterinary education is biased by pet food companies: While it’s important to recognize potential conflicts of interest, suggesting that pet food companies universally bias veterinary education oversimplifies the complex relationships between academia, industry, and professional organizations. Veterinary curricula typically include a broad range of nutritional education, including discussions on different types of pet diets.

    These claims are contentious because they oversimplify complex issues and lack robust scientific evidence to support them.

    It’s essential for pet owners to critically evaluate information presented in documentaries like “Pet Fooled” and consult with qualified veterinary professionals before making significant changes to their pets’ diets.

    Note: This is a multi-part series! Additional articles in this series will be posted below.

    Part One: “Biologically appropriate” feeding, bacteria & pathogens in raw food, and the influence of “big kibble” on veterinary schools (See Part One HERE)

    Part Two: Pet food marketing, ingredients in pet food (including corn and by-products), manufacturing, AAFCO, and FDA regulations (See Part Two HERE)

    Part Three: Pet food recalls, veterinary diets, and holistic pet food elitism (See Part Three HERE)

    Footnotes

    1. FDA Advisory to Pet Parents about Darwin’s Raw Pet Food
      October, 2023 ↩︎
    2. FDA Recall Alert: Northwest Naturals Raw Food
      February, 2018 ↩︎
    3. Merck Veterinary Manual
      Salmonellosis in Animals
      ↩︎
    4. AVMA Policy on Raw Diets
      ↩︎
    5. Axelsson, E., Ratnakumar, A., Arendt, ML. et al. The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. Nature 495, 360–364 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11837 ↩︎
    6. Diet Shaped Dog Domestication, Elizabeth Pennissi, 2013
      “Genomic analysis reveals that dogs and humans walked similar evolutionary paths” ↩︎
    7. Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs ↩︎
  • Copper in Dog Food & Liver Health

    Copper in Dog Food & Liver Health

    Recently, I was checking in on a Facebook group when somebody posted about their dog suffering from copper storage disease. This condition can cause permanent damage to the liver. It’s something veterinarians are seeing more and more of, and copper in dog food may be to blame!

    Copper Storage Disease has primarily been seen as a genetic disorder, occurring in only a handful of breeds such as Bedlington Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Dobermans, Dalmatians, and West Highland White Terriers.

    The disease can also be influenced by dietary factors.

    Recently, liver health and copper disease have been receiving media attention. Dog breeds that are not traditionally seen with this condition are popping up with it.

    This topic has been covered by the AVMA, Tufts, Cornell University, and other well-respected veterinary organizations. As always, we approach articles with a research and evidence-based mindset. Read on!

    20

    Symptoms of Copper Storage Disease in Dogs

    Copper Storage Disease, also known as copper-associated hepatopathy or copper toxicosis, is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of copper in the liver, leading to liver damage.

    Common signs of Copper Storage Disease include lethargy, decreased appetite, and weight loss. As the disease progresses, jaundice may become apparent, characterized by yellowing of the eyes, gums, and skin due to liver impairment.

    Dogs with Copper Storage Disease may also exhibit increased thirst and urination, accompanied by a swollen abdomen caused by fluid accumulation.

    Learn more about Copper-Associated Liver Disease in this article by Tufts 1

    Behavioral changes, such as disorientation or seizures, can occur in advanced stages. Recognizing these symptoms promptly is crucial for seeking veterinary attention and initiating necessary diagnostic and treatment measures.

    Veterinarians can detect early signs of disease by tracking liver health through blood tests. Additional diagnostic tools, such as an ultrasound, may be employed to exclude other liver-related conditions if there are concerns.

    If an accumulation of excess copper in the liver is suspected, the veterinarian might suggest a liver biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

    How is Copper Storage Disease Treated?

    Copper Storage Disease is treated with a strict low-copper diet and copper chelators which can bind to copper and remove it from the liver.

    The medications used to treat Copper Storage Disease in dogs are expensive and have side effects.

    For dogs that have accumulated dangerous levels of copper in their liver, however, this is the only way to improve their quality of life. Early detection is key.

    There is a lot of misinformation out there about veterinary diets such as Hill’s L/D Chicken Flavor Dry Dog Food (Liver Care) or Royal Canin Hepatic, but this is a great example of a time when one is necessary. These diets are professionally researched, formulated, and tested to treat specific health conditions.

    The alternative to a “prescription” low copper hepatic diet is home-cooked food. The only way to do this and fully ensure that copper intake is properly restricted is to work with a Board Certified Veterinary Nutritionist and follow the custom recipes exactly.

    We always advise seeing a veterinarian if your pet has concerning or unusual health symptoms.

    For more information on how Copper Liver Disease is treated, this article is very helpful. 2

    19

    Does Dog Kibble Contain Too Much Copper?

    Copper is an essential part of a balanced diet. However, similar to other essential nutrients like Vitamin C or D, an excess can pose problems. Over-supplementing certain vitamins and minerals, including copper, can lead to toxicity in dogs.

    I dug into some of the veterinary articles on this topic, and yes, some researchers are concerned about copper in pet food3. The rate of Copper Storage Disease seems to have risen, in tandem with two major changes in the last 20 years:

    1. A switch from Copper Oxide to a more bioavailable form of copper, Copper Sulfate
    2. Pet food trends that encourage demand for extremely nutrient-dense “holistic” diets that contain a lot of organs, meat, and certain plants such as flax seed, mushrooms, and sweet potatoes

    While this trend is only a correlation (causation has not been determined), it’s worth examining. Let’s dig into both of those in more detail!

    1. Copper Oxide vs. Copper Sulfate

    In 1997, a suggestion was put forth to discontinue the use of Copper Oxide in pet food. This proposal stemmed from a study revealing its limited absorption and utilization by the body (refer to the study HERE).4

    Pet food companies, on the advisement of AAFCO, switched to other forms of copper that are more bioavailable.

    They are commonly seen on pet food ingredient lists as copper sulfate or copper chelates such as copper proteinate, copper amino acid chelate, chelated copper, copper lysine, and copper glycinate (among others). These refer to various forms of copper compounds with organic molecules bound to them for enhanced absorption and utilization in the body.

    This move away from the use of copper oxide was done even though there had not been widespread concerns about copper deficiency in dogs.

    2. Consumer Demand for Meat-Heavy Dog Foods

    In recent times, a growing occurrence of Copper-Associated Hepatopathy could potentially be linked to the rising consumer demand for nutrient-dense pet foods rich in animal-based components and organ meats, often referred to as “natural diets” or “holistic diets”.

    Organ meats in particular are high in copper (yes, this includes freeze-dried liver treats).

    It’s worth noting that while the concept behind these types of diets is that they are more “natural”, a truly “natural” canine diet is technically based on prey behavior and scavaging. For wild dogs whose meals must be chased or found, days can go by with very little balanced nutrition.

    Put simply, nature is not nice.

    Pet dogs fed commercially prepared and extremely nutrient-dense “natural” diets are often provided more nutrition in a compact package than was ever a reality for “wild” dogs. Additionally, pet dogs typically do not engage in the level of athleticism and endurance required by animals who don’t have the comfort of a warm home and ready access to water.

    The daily abundance of nutrients can pose health risks, as over-supplementation and over-feeding are recognized as significant issues in pet nutrition.

    Later in this blog, I present data on the copper concentrations in various pet food brands, and unfortunately, the findings often support this argument. Many expensive, nutrient-dense pet foods do seem to trend high in copper.

    Additionally, there is a trend favoring pet foods containing vegetables high in copper, such as sweet potatoes, further complicating the issue.

    Determining whether a specific formula contains excessive or dangerous levels of copper is challenging due to various factors. The bioavailability of copper varies among different forms, and its intricate interactions with other nutrients can impact how the body manages or eliminates the surplus.

    Here is an interesting and informative video:

    How Much Copper is In Dog Food?

    Different pet food brands and formulas contain varying levels of copper. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) establishes a minimum amount of copper that all pet foods must contain.

    However, AAFCO does not set a maximum limit on copper levels (unlike Europe, which does).

    It’s important to note that you don’t need to start scrutinizing ingredient lists or searching for low-copper diets for your pet based solely on this information. As long as a pet food meets AAFCO guidelines, it should technically be safe for healthy dogs to consume, regardless of the copper levels.

    Despite various opinions on copper in pet food, the reality is that there isn’t sufficient data to confirm whether excessive amounts are harmful to all pets. As a result, some veterinarians and researchers, including 13 who advised AAFCO against setting a limit on copper in pet food, suggest that pet owners refrain from excessive worry on this topic.

    NutritionRVN on Instagram has an interesting and helpful take on this.

    For dogs with liver failure, scientifically formulated low-copper diets known as “Hepatic” diets are crucial.

    However, for typical, healthy pets, following AAFCO guidelines should be sufficient.

    That aside, there is generally no need for an abundance of copper in pet food anyway. Thus, it may be advisable for concerned pet parents to avoid foods with excessively high levels.

    The potential impact of excessive copper levels in pet food on all dogs is not yet definitively established. However, erring on the side of caution by avoiding foods with elevated copper levels is fine if you have concerns about your pet’s health.

    How to Find the Copper Level of Dog Food

    In many cases, the only way to find out how much copper is in your pet’s food is by calling them and asking. While not all companies disclose this information, reputable ones typically have it and are willing to provide it upon request. (Keep reading! I’ve done a bunch of digging for you and made a chart below).

    Because we don’t currently know what a truly safe “upper limit” is, the goal should be to compare several brands and steer clear of those on the high side.

    When you are looking for this information, find it on a dry matter basis. This is very important, and something I cover more in-depth below!

    What is a Safe Amount of Copper for Pet Food?

    Some researchers believe that copper in over-the-counter pet foods should be capped at 25 mg/kg or 25 PPM. Currently, AAFCO establishes only a minimum amount, and pet brands are left to determine the limit themselves. 5

    The FEDAIF (European Pet Food Industry Federation) sets an upper limit of 28 mg/kg or 28 ppm for copper.

    It may be advisable to choose foods that stay under 28 mg/kg whenever possible. Knowing that all AFFCO pet foods meet the minimum copper requirement necessary for health (remember, pets do need copper in their diet), a lower number is preferable.

    During a recent wellness check for my pets, my fantastic veterinarian noted that over his decades of practice, he’s observed a rise in liver and kidney disease among pets. It’s become so prevalent that he now starts monitoring for early indicators of these conditions in pets age 6 and up.

    We can’t be sure if copper is the definitive cause of that trend, but it does give me pause!

    Here is an informational article from the AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) arguing that attention to copper levels in pet foods is needed. 6

    I did a little market research for you, and have shared the results on the table below!

    5

    Copper Concentrations of Popular Dog Foods

    I contacted the following companies directly to create a table, which is current as of January 2024. In creating this data, I intentionally chose brands and formulas based on the following criteria:

    • Popularity in different pet food markets
    • Word on the street (some brands are “known” to be higher in copper)
    • Range of formulation types and proteins used

    Most pet food companies have numerous formulas, so I pulled specific formulas at random from their product pages.

    Some companies post copper content on their website. For the rest, I contacted each brand directly for this information. This list below is the most up-to-date data (2024) on copper levels in popular dog food brands.

    As you’ll see on the chart below, the copper levels vary significantly across brands. Some appear notably high, while others are relatively low.

    Particularly, hepatic diets are formulated with carefully controlled low copper levels, catering specifically to pets dealing with liver issues or copper storage disease. I’ve included a few of those on the list for comparison sake.

    All values listed below are on a dry-matter basis, calculated with moisture removed. This standardizes comparisons between raw, fresh, and kibble products.

    1 Mg/Kg = 1 ppm. For example, 13.00 Mg/Kg = 13 ppm.

    Please note that just because the copper level appears acceptable, does NOT mean that the other nutrient and mineral levels are. Always verify the analysis for calcium/phosphorus too, especially when feeding large or giant breed dogs.

    Food Brand & FormulaCopper in Mg/Kg (Dry Matter)
    Annamaet Grain-Free Manitok 14.59
    Annamaet Ultra13.49
    Diamond Naturals Grain Free Beef & Sweet Potato17.00*
    Eukanuba Large Breed Adult13.00
    Eukanuba Large Breed Puppy 12.00
    Eukanuba Performance 30/20 11.00
    Eukanuba Puppy Food (Lamb)15.00
    Fromm Beef Frittata Veg26.37
    Fromm Bonnehill Farms Beefibowl Beef54.70
    Fromm Bonnehill Farms Turkibowls29.39
    Fromm Duck ala Veg13.23
    Fromm Gold Large Breed Adult13.36
    Fromm Heartland Gold Adult22.74
    Fromm Highlander Beef, Oats, and Barley17.67
    Hill’s L/D Chicken Flavor Dry Dog Food (Liver Care)7.00
    Instinct Raw + Kibble Blend Grain-Free Chicken 15.53
    Instinct Raw Frozen Chicken39.00
    Instinct Raw Frozen Rabbit 55.94
    Inukshuck Marine 2539.00**
    Nature’s Logic Canine Beef Meal Feast10.20
    Nature’s Logic Distinction Pork24.80
    Nutrisource Beef & Rice15.90
    Nutrisource Pura Vida Chicken & Brown Rice17.10
    Nutrisource Element Wild Range23.90
    Open Farm Grain Free Wild Caught Salmon19.57
    Open Farm Grass Fed Beef Gently Cooked26.88
    Open Farm Homestead Turkey Rustic Stew23.02
    Open Farm Open Prairie Raw Mix 14.67
    Open Farm Lamb & Ancient Grains17.12
    Purina Dog Chow Adult (Beef & Rice)12.40
    Purina Dog Chow (Lamb)15.00
    Purina ONE Large Breed Chicken & Rice14.20
    Purina Pro Plan Complete Essentials Chicken & Rice 16.90
    Purina Pro Plan Large Breed Chicken & Rice15.10
    Purina Pro Plan Sensitive Salmon Large Breed15.10
    Purina Pro Plan Sport 30/20 Chicken 16.10
    Royal Canin Hepatic (Liver Care)7.00
    Spot & Tango Fresh Beef & Millet20.90
    Spot & Tango Fresh Lamb & Brown Rice20.40
    Spot & Tango Fresh Turkey & Red Quinoa19.70
    Spot & Tango Unkibble Beef & Barley21.90
    Spot & Tango Unkibble Chicken & Brown Rice14.60
    Spot & Tango Unkibble Cod & Salmon20.10
    Spot & Tango Unkibble Turkey & Sweet Potato15.90
    Stella & Chewy Raw Blend Red Meat45.40
    Stella & Chewy Raw Blend Wild-Caught24.20
    Stella & Chewy Raw Coated Cage Free Duck28.43
    Stella & Chewy Raw Coated Wild Caught Whitefish21.56
    Stella & Chewy Dandy Lamb (Raw)49.00
    Stella & Chewy Super Beef (Raw)44.14
    Stella & Chewy Tantalizing Turkey (Raw)19.57
    Stella & Chewy Purely Pork (Raw) 33.30
    Victor Beef & Rice16.00
    Victor Grain-Free Ocean Fish16.00
    Victor Professional15.00
    Wild Earth Maintenance Golden Rotisserie 26.80
    Wild Earth Maintenance Classic Roast 20.70
    Wild Earth Performance19.80
    Zignature Venison15.15
    Ziwi Peak Air Dried Beef28.00
    Ziwi Peak Air-Dried Chicken 26.00
    Ziwi Peak Air-Dried Mackeral & Lamb39.00
    Ziwi Peak Air-Dried Tripe & Lamb51.00
    Ziwi Peak Canned Lamb24.00
    Ziwi Peak Canned Venison22.00

    *Diamond Naturals (Diamond, Taste of the Wild, Nutra Nuggets, Kirkland/Costco) provided me with incomplete and inaccurate information. This value may not be correct. I’ve included more information about this at the bottom of the post.

    **Inukshuck Despite numerous requests, this particular brand has not responded regarding the dry-matter analysis of their copper levels. The as-fed amounts (which they did provide) range from a minimum of 27 mg/kg to as high as 39 mg/kg. It’s reasonable to anticipate that the dry-matter value will be even higher. Inukshuck is known to be a higher-copper brand.

    There are thousands upon thousands of formulas and pet food brands to choose from. If you don’t see your food on the list above, contact the manufacturer and ask for the dry-matter copper value!

    Avoid any company that refuses to provide this information or tries to divert your attention from it. If a company cannot or will not readily disclose the copper level in mg/kg on a dry matter analysis to anyone who asks for any reason, proceed with caution.

    The copper levels in the chart above are accurate as of February 1st, 2024. It’s up to the consumer to verify those values, and to understand that the amount of copper in a food is not the whole story! Zinc, for example, can affect the bioavailability of copper.

    The amount of copper a pet ingests may climb with the addition of toppers, supplements, and treats as well.

    11

    Which Pet Foods Are High in Copper?

    High copper levels in pet food can be detrimental to the health of some pets, particularly for those who cannot effectively metabolize or excrete excess copper.

    If you have a breed that is predisposed to copper storage disease, it is especially important to avoid nutrient-dense foods and toppers that are exceptionally high in copper.

    While copper is an essential mineral for various bodily functions, excessive levels can lead to toxicity. It’s important to note that copper requirements vary among different species and breeds of pets, so what might be considered high for one could be normal for another.

    Some ingredients commonly found in pet foods, treats, and supplements that are naturally high in copper include (but are not limited to):

    1. Organ Meats: Liver, kidneys, gizzards, and heart
    2. Fish: Salmon, trout, and shellfish
    3. Nuts and Seeds: Sunflower seeds, cashews, and flax seeds
    4. Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, and beans
    5. Mushrooms: Shiitake, oyster, portabello, button
    6. Certain cereals: Oats, quinoa, and ancient grains

    Pet owners should be cautious about feeding foods high in copper to pets, especially if they have conditions such as copper storage disease, liver disease, or are predisposed to copper toxicity because of their breed or pedigree.

    Feeding commercial pet foods formulated by reputable brands that adhere to industry standards and conduct regular quality control measures can help ensure a balanced and safe diet for pets.

    Many pet food brands have questionable practices that lead to inconsistencies in product safety and nutrient levels; copper, like calcium, should be well controlled. Additionally, many homemade diets (including Dr. Judy Morgan’s “Pup Loaf”) may contain excessive amounts of copper because of the meat and organs that are used.

    Pets with diagnosed copper-associated liver disease also need to be on a heavily controlled diet with low copper levels, such as Just Food for Dogs Hepatic Diet, Hill’s L/D Chicken Flavor Dry Dog Food (Liver Care) or Royal Canin Hepatic.

    Veterinarians and researchers recommend sticking to brands that meet WSAVA recommendations, including Purina, Hill’s, Science Diet, Eukanuba, and Iam’s.

    Copper Bioavailability, Goat’s Milk, and Zinc

    One study showed that goat milk (which contains copper)7, increased the bioavailability of copper in rats.

    The widespread practice of incorporating goat milk into pet foods, especially those abundant in meat and organs, may not be the healthy nutritional practice it was once believed to be.

    Zinc can increase the absorption of copper from the pet’s diet as well. If zinc and copper are not balanced together in the formulation of the pet food, it can cause health problems in pets.

    Both Zinc and Copper are commonly found in “Multi-Vitamin” pet supplements.

    A lot of questions are also being raised about the role of zinc in the development of Copper Storage Disease.

    12

    As-Fed vs. Dry Matter Calculation

    When calculating nutrient content in pet food, it’s necessary to understand the difference between as-fed and dry matter basis. I’ll try to break this down into simple terms!

    As-fed refers to the nutrient content of the food in its original, as-packaged, and as-fed state, including moisture content. (Yes, even kibble has moisture! Around 10%).

    Dry matter removes the moisture content from the equation to provide a more accurate representation of the nutrient composition.

    This distinction is crucial because moisture content can significantly affect nutrient concentrations, especially in canned, raw, fresh, or wet foods where moisture levels are higher.

    By converting nutrient values to a dry matter basis, pet owners and professionals can make more accurate comparisons between different pet food products.

    When evaluating copper content in pet food, I recommend comparing only the dry-matter value.

    14

    Can I Detox My Dog from Copper & Other Heavy Metals?

    If you are concerned your pet has been ingesting too much copper, you need to talk to a veterinarian.

    The concept of “detox” is often oversimplified or exaggerated in popular culture, leading to misconceptions about its effectiveness and necessity. While the body does have natural processes for removing toxins, such as through the liver and kidneys, the idea of undergoing specific “detox” programs or interventions to rid the body of accumulated toxins beyond what these organs can handle is not supported by scientific evidence.

    Many products and treatments marketed as “detox” methods lack rigorous scientific validation and may even be harmful. It’s essential to approach claims of detoxification with skepticism and prioritize evidence-based practices.

    If your veterinarian is concerned about copper storage or other liver problems, they will recommend an appropriate diet and may prescribe medication to help.

    Milk Thistle Detox for Dogs

    A common ‘detox’ remedy suggested by pet owners and certain influencers is milk thistle (“Silymarin”).

    Expanding on the limited efficacy and safety research surrounding silymarin, I’d like to note that while it’s often promoted as a natural liver detoxifier, scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness and safety in dogs is limited.

    Don’t skip seeing the vet because “Susie on Facebook” told you to give your dog a “liver cleanse” with milk thistle instead.

    shallow focus photo of long coated white and gray puppy

    Low Copper Dog Food

    Low copper dog food brands cater to the dietary needs of dogs requiring reduced copper intake, such as those with copper storage disease (hepatopathies).

    These brands carefully formulate their recipes to contain minimal copper levels, ensuring the nutritional balance necessary for optimal canine health. Companies such as Hill’s Science Diet, Purina, and Royal Canin create specialized veterinary diets backed by research for this exact purpose! These foods typically require approval from a veterinarian.

    By providing controlled copper content, these specialized dog foods help manage copper-related health conditions, promoting overall well-being and longevity in affected dogs.

    For dogs that have not been diagnosed with copper storage disease or hepatopathies, it would be advisable to stick to well-formulated diets from brands such as Purina, Royal Canin, Hill’s, and Eukanuba. These diets’ copper levels consistently sit in a normal range, well below the European FEDAIC established maximum of 28 mg/kg.

    If you’re considering preparing a home-cooked diet for your dog with conditions such as copper storage disease or any other health issue, it’s recommended that you work with a Board Certified Veterinary Nutritionist. Find one HERE.

    Voyager Dog Food (Formerly The Scoop)

    After losing a dog to diet-associated Copper Storage Disease, a veterinarian created a pet food company specifically focused on eliminating this problem. The brand claims to use no Copper Sulfate or chelated copper in their formulations, instead relying on natural copper sources from meat and organs.

    I inquired with Voyager Food for information on their copper, calcium, and phosphorus levels as this information was not easy to find on their website. Please note, that none of their formulas are appropriate for large or giant breed puppies.*

    From what I can tell, a Ph.D. Nutritionist was involved in the formulation of the food; however, it is unclear if that person is on staff or simply a consultant.

    Further, unless I learn otherwise, we can assume the food is co-packed in a large factory that makes many other brands.

    So while it may be a promising option for some pet owners, I’m not convinced it’s the best or only option.

    *Voyager Foods responded to my inquiry about feeding large and giant breed puppies, to which they replied: “At the puppy stage no, but we have seen the diet do great for that 6-month and up range. For us to meet that requirement  for puppies we would have to add a copper supplement which we truly believe would go against everything we stand for.”

    I would not feed this to any large or giant breed puppy under the age of 18 months of age.

    pexels katie salerno 33273 1

    How to Prevent Copper Storage Disease in Dogs

    Because research is still needed to fully understand why diet-associated copper storage disease is on the rise, and why some dogs are more susceptible than others, there are very few regulations or recommendations for this.

    Based on the data I’ve collected, I think it’s safe to say that the following practices could help minimize risk in some pets:

    • Feed a well-balanced diet with copper below 28 mg/kg, dry-matter basis
    • Take it easy on offering food, toppers, and treats that contain a lot of copper
    • Avoid regularly creating nutrient-dense food bowls that are loaded with high-copper ingredients such as goat milk, organs, flax seeds, mushrooms, and sweet potatoes
    • Do not give “multi-vitamin” supplements that contain copper and/or zinc
    • Reduce all of the above factors as much as possible if you have copper pipes or use well water that is untested and/or unfiltered
    • Stick to WSAVA-compliant food brands such as Purina, Hill’s, and Royal Canin
    • See your veterinarian often for checkups, and ask about monitoring liver and kidney health

    As always, if you are making a homemade diet for your pet (no matter the recipe), consult with a Board Certified Veterinary Nutritionist.

    Are you concerned about copper in your pet’s food? Have you had a problem with a pet experiencing copper storage disease or health problems related to the liver or kidneys? Please leave your comment below!

    I, for one, look forward to seeing a LOT more research on this topic.

    Footnotes

    1. Copper Associated Liver Disease in Dogs ↩︎
    2. DVM 360 Diagnosing & Treating Canine Copper Associated Hepatopathies
      08/01/2018 ↩︎
    3. Cornell Researchers Warn of Excess Copper in Dog Diets
      Article
      By Greg Cima
      March 17, 2022 ↩︎
    4. Cupric oxide should not be used as a copper supplement for either animals or humans
      DH Baker
      The Journal of Nutrition, 1999•academic.oup.com ↩︎
    5. AAFCO Reaffirms Guidelines on Copper in Dog Food ↩︎
    6. Is it Time to Reconsider Current Guidelines for Copper Content in Commercial Dog Foods?
      American Veterinary Medical Association ↩︎
    7. Goat Milk Has Beneficial Effect on Bioavailability of Copper in Rats

      ↩︎

    *Diamond Pet Food Response to Copper Levels in Pet Food

    When I first inquired about copper levels in Diamond Pet Foods (a manufacturer whose brands include Diamond, Taste of the Wild, Kirkland/Costco, 4 Health, and Nutra Nuggets) they responded by telling me that all foods have 17 mg/kg of Copper.

    Having noticed that all other pet food brands had variable copper levels based on the formula, I inquired further. It seemed odd to me that every formula had exactly 17 mg/kg.

    It took them two days to respond, at which point a veterinarian returned this note to me:

    “The copper level is an average level based on the typical analysis across the formulas as the majority of the copper in the recipes comes from the mineral premix. Ingredients that contribute significant copper, such as liver, are not included in any of our recipes.“

    D. Wilhite, DVM
    Veterinary Team [Diamond Pet Foods]

    This clues me into two major observations of Diamond pet foods:

    1. They don’t have, or won’t share the specific copper levels of each formula (as they provided me with an “average” across all formulas
    2. Consequently, they might not be consistently testing and verifying copper levels in their pet foods through laboratory analysis, which raises concerns regarding quality control
    3. Diamond Brand does NOT meet WSAVA recommendations, as one of the guidelines is that the pet food company should be able to provide the nutrient level of all essential nutrients (which they have failed to do)

    During my discussion with Diamond regarding pet food, they indicated that they do not employ a qualified nutritionist (DACVN or PhD in Nutrition) on their staff and primarily engage with consultants.

    Interpret this information as you see fit; however, to me, it raises several red flags, especially if I’m concerned about copper in my pet’s food.

  • Are There Euthanized Animals in Pet Food?

    Are There Euthanized Animals in Pet Food?

    In the wake of the social media frenzy about Purina Pro Plan, I was encouraged to create a pet food safety series (of which this is the first installment). The topic of this article is about euthanized animals in pet food, based on a comment that I’ve seen all too often being spread around on social media.

    “Veterinarians and dog shelters sell euthanized animals to pet food companies. They are then ground up with their collars and everything, and put into pet food.”

    A surprising number of people believe this gut-wrenching theory. Let’s dig in.

    Euthanized Animals in Pet Food

    Are There Euthanized Animals in Pet Food?

    Unlikely. This is not a widespread issue, nor are there any verifiable reports that this practice is done intentionally by any pet food company.

    But as always, there is more to this story.

    The theory about euthanized pets in dog and cat food has circulated on the internet from day one. In all fairness, some variation of this scenario has occurred.

    Pentobarbital is a drug frequently used to euthanize animals, including pets.

    A handful of pet food companies have faced issues involving recalls and FDA scrutiny due to the discovery of Pentobarbital in their products. It all started in late 2016 when one pet died and a few others became sick after eating Evanger’s canned food.

    As a result of this, tests were done on more than a dozen pet food brands. The euthanasia drug was found in 9 out of 15 cans of Gravy Train.

    Evanger’s

    J.M. Smucker/Big Heart Pet Brands (Gravy Train, Kibbles n’ Bits, Skippy)

    Party Animal (Cocolicious)

    Against the Grain

    Recalls were issued, and a media frenzy on this topic began.

    The source of Pentobarbital in Gravy Train was determined to be beef fat, purchased from the JBS Souderton Inc. meat processing facility in Souderton, PA.

    JBS had also supplied beef tallow Champion Pet Foods (Acana/Orijen Brand), and despite the potential presence of contaminated beef fat in their product, the company opted not to issue a recall.

    Substantial inquiries arise regarding the circumstances surrounding this occurrence, the actions taken to address it, and the measures implemented to prevent its recurrence in the future.

    trent jackson PGgk TgIq7w unsplash

    Can Pet Food Companies Use Euthanized Animals?

    Reputable pet food companies steer clear of this practice by meticulously selecting ingredients and enforcing rigorous quality control measures to detect any adulterated or contaminated products throughout the entire production process, from sourcing to final inspection.

    The FDA specifically prohibits pet food companies from using meat sources that contain Pentobarbital1. Any trace of the drug renders the product “adulterated” and it is removed from the market.

    However, the lack of oversight in some regions has led to questions about the sourcing and quality of ingredients used in pet food. 2

    There is a growing demand for clearer labeling and higher standards in the pet food industry.

    It’s important to acknowledge that the majority of pet food companies prioritize the creation of a safe and nutritious product.

    Their emphasis on these aspects is driven by the understanding that without a strong focus on safety and nutrition, consumers would likely refrain from purchasing their products, resulting in a loss of revenue for the companies.

    To put this simply, while this has occurred in the past and could occur again, the risk is low. Especially if you are choosing pet food companies with industry-leading protocols for food safety, batch testing, and ingredient sourcing (more on this below).

    pexels jozef feher 1800314 1

    How Does Pentobarbital End Up in Pet Food?

    Pentobarbital can potentially end up in pet food through various avenues, including the presence of euthanized animals in the rendering process, which is the process of converting animal tissues into usable materials like fats and proteins for various industries (including pet food).

    If euthanized animals are not properly segregated from the rendering process, residues of pentobarbital from euthanasia drugs may remain in the rendered material and subsequently contaminate the pet food.

    JBS Souderton Inc., the provider of the contaminated beef tallow used in various questionable pet food brands (Including Kibbles & Bits, Orijen/Acana, and Evanger’s), faced scrutiny from the FDA.

    A warning letter to JBS Souderton dated April 23rd, 20193, reveals that repeated inspections of the processing plant uncovered numerous instances of cleanliness, sanitation, and sourcing violations, along with the discovery of Pentobarbital in product tanks at the facility.

    While JBS Souderton bears initial responsibility, the pet food companies that incorporated the contaminated beef tallow into their products also have significant accountability to address.

    3 1 20231129 211402 jpg

    Pet Food Myth: Shelter Animals in Pet Food

    The above information has led many people to conclude that all pet foods contain euthanized, ground-up shelter pets.

    To put this bluntly, that is a big stretch. There is no truth, let alone verifiable proof, of this claim.

    We can substantiate past issues with Pentobarbital in pet food, particularly among brands sourcing beef tallow from JBS Souderton.

    During an investigation into the contaminated beef tallow, tests for dog and cat DNA were conducted, revealing the absence of such DNA in the product.4 This finding indicates that the source of Pentobarbital likely originated from cows and horses. It was not from shelter pets.

    Beyond the brands that had Pentobarbital in their pet foods, any further claims remain speculative.

    Of course, sensationalism SELLS.

    The idea of using ground-up shelter animals in pet food is provocative, controversial, and deeply concerning to pet parents who prioritize the well-being and quality of nutrition for their beloved pets.

    It is also a broad, sweeping generalization that has caused needless and untold amounts of fear and anxiety for pet parents.

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    How To Find a Pet Food With Good Quality Control

    The trick to this is not to avoid commercially prepared pet foods. It’s to learn how to choose brands that are transparent, ethical, and have good quality control practices.

    It doesn’t matter how nice, holistic, or organic the marketing of that brand is; they are still subject to making mistakes and engaging in questionable sourcing and testing practices.

    To find a pet food with excellent quality control, consider the following steps:

    1. Research reputable brands: Look for pet food companies with a strong reputation for transparency, quality ingredients, and rigorous quality control measures. Your veterinarian is a good place to start, as they often communicate directly with certain pet food companies and have insider information about their plants, quality, sourcing, and nutrition science. Here is a great example of a brand with exceptional attention to quality control5, where they indicate that over 1000 lab analyses are done every day during all stages of production.
    2. Check for certifications & guidelines: Seek out pet foods that adhere to regulatory guidelines such as those set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).
    3. Review ingredient sourcing: Opt for pet foods that prioritize high-quality, responsibly sourced ingredients and provide detailed information about their sourcing practices. (A great example of a good sourcing page looks like THIS.)6
    4. Look for quality control information: Check the manufacturer’s website or contact customer support to inquire about their specific quality control processes, including testing for contaminants and adherence to safety standards. Exceptional pet food companies are testing at all stages of production, and maintain batch samples for some time after the food is distributed.
    5. Ask who formulates the food: companies that have several highly qualified nutritionists, food scientists, and veterinarians on staff are much more likely to produce food that is safe, nutritious, and bioavailable.

    Another valuable resource is the WSAVA recommendations for pet food manufacturing, which serve as a comprehensive set of guidelines for ensuring the production of safe and high-quality pet food. You can read more about choosing foods that follow WSAVA guidelines HERE.7

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    Final Verdict: Myth Busted

    This is a big jump. No, your neighbor’s dog, your local shelter animal, and some dogs from a hoarding situation down the street are NOT in your pet’s food!

    It is neither honest nor ethical to suggest that all brands incorporate ground-up euthanized animals due to the actions of a few companies that sourced low-quality ingredients.

    Has euthanasia drug been found in pet food? Yes.

    Have ground-up pets and collars been found in pet food? Not that I’ve seen, anywhere.

    Is this a widespread problem? No.

    Is Pentobarbital in pet food likely to harm your pet? No, because even if it does end up in the food, it is likely to be in very low and nearly untraceable amounts. While this doesn’t justify its presence, it does make the likelihood of harm extremely improbable.

    Each year, 300-400 new pet food brands enter the market, attempting to compete alongside a small group of popular legacy brands with established practices.

    The tiny handful of questionable brands that were caught with contaminated ingredients do not accurately represent the vast majority of pet food options available.

    My opinion? When it comes to pet food safety, there are bigger fish to fry.

    What do you think? Leave your comments below! Discussion is welcome and encouraged.

    Footnotes

    1. FDA Questions & Answers: Are There Contaminants in Pet Food?
      07/29/2021 ↩︎
    2. AAHA Notice About Recalled Pet Food Due to Pentobarbital
      02/16/2018 ↩︎
    3. FDA Warning Letter to JBS Souderton Inc.
      04/23/2019 ↩︎
    4. FDA Laboratory Information Bulletin on Pentobarbital in Pet Food ↩︎
    5. Royal Canin Quality Control Practices ↩︎
    6. Nestle Purina Responsible Sourcing Standard PDF
      07/2018 ↩︎
    7. WSAVA Guidelines and Recommendations ↩︎